Law and Justice

Posts Tagged ‘Education’

The legal system plays a fundamental role in protecting the rights of individuals. Working in the legal profession is often viewed as a lucrative and rewarding career. There are many areas that a layer can specialize in. One area that is both challenging and lucrative is criminal law. A criminal lawyer has the opportunity to work in legal defense, prosecution, and even pursue a career as a trial judge.

Criminal lawyers, or criminal attorneys, advise and represent those who are accused and charged with a criminal act. They present evidence, advocate for their client by arguing on their behalf in court, and also make sure their clients’ rights are not violated. Like other lawyers, criminal lawyers must follow a strict code of conduct and ethics.

There are a number of educational steps one has to take in order to obtain a successful career as a criminal lawyer:

1.) The educational requirements to become a criminal lawyer are normally 4 years of undergraduate study followed by 3 years of law school. A bachelor’s degree is required for law school admission. Courses taken in a number of different in areas is considered an asset. Courses can include: English, social studies, political science, public speaking, government, philosophy, and history, are useful. A bachelor’s degree in criminal justice can be very valuable when applying to law school. One may also want to consider volunteering or working in some area of criminal law.

2.) The next step of a career path to criminal law is to apply to an accredited and recognized law school. You first have to take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. The LSAT exam is used as a standard assessment tool by law schools. The LSAT is given four times per year at hundreds of locations across North America. The test is designed to assess an applicant’s propensity for practicing law.

3.) Acceptance by most law schools depends on the applicant’s LSAT scores, the applicant’s undergraduate school’s standing in the education community, and prior work or volunteer experience. There may also be a personal interview. Once accepted into law school, there is three years of intensive study. At the end of the three years, one will acquire a law degree. Law school graduates receive the degree of juris doctor. (J.D.) Generally, one cannot work as an attorney until taking and passing the bar exam. Each state has its own bar exam. Graduates will need to pass the bar exam in the state(s) where they intend to practice law. After passing the bar exam, a license to practice law will be granted, and one can begin to practice criminal law in that state. A person must be licensed to practice law in the courts of any state or other criminal field. Many states also require applicants to pass a separate written ethics examination. Graduate lawyers usually begin their careers as associates working with experienced criminal lawyers or trial judges.

Criminal law is one area that is seen as a successful career choice. Criminal law is a challenging career but plays an important role in ensuring that the judicial system maintains and promotes equality and justice for all.

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Law is one of the most popular degree topics today and with very good reason. In the modern world, there are many types of law practice that are aired regularly. Criminal law is in more demand than ever, changes to laws in the last fifty years or so have made property lawyers in serious demand, divorce lawyers also get a lot of work put their way, and then of course there is the suing culture that we all live in is to blame for many of the liability and personal injury law firms that exist. With so many opportunities and many jobs going at any given point in time, then it is no wonder why a good percentage of students want to advance in the world of law. However, not all of them get the opportunity.

That should actually read that they did not get the opportunity before online education was invented. Law is an extremely popular subject and is offered by a high percentage of the online schools, colleges and universities out there at the moment. Even online colleges have a limited number of places every semester and there are usually very few to spare. Very few people drop out either, because it is so prestigious and an individual will need a law degree to make it into a firm after graduation. You should therefore make sure that you training is as much fun as possible because you will be stuck with it for a few years!

It is essential that you investigate all options before tying yourself to one specific online law course. The sheer range of courses online will be mind blowing and you will soon see distinct difference between the content and the structure of one course to another. No two courses are the same so it would be foolish to decide on one before vetting the rest.

However, it is not just course content that you should look at. In law, as I am sure you will realise if you want to go into the field, reputation is everything. It counts for far more than past results, and this applies to the place you studied at too. It will rarely make a difference if you trained online, but it will if you do not go to an accredited school and one with a reputation for turning out excellent law candidates.

Once you have looked at the reputation of online law schools then you will be able to narrow your list down, but not nearly enough to make a decision on that alone. It may be wise to look at who the different courses are aimed at because some specialize in a certain law, age group or social group. Some may only offer courses designed to give those with a knowledge of law already a boost so that their careers can advance, whereas others will take an individual with no knowledge of law and educate him or her to the highest level. You should make a shortlist of the ones that offer the kind of education that you need and compare that to the reputation list. This will leave you with a few potential schools and make it easier to decide from there. This whole process could take months of research and planning but it will be worth it for your career in the end so you should take the time and make the effort.

If you have made the decision to take law at an online university then you have made a big step forward, and one towards changing the rest of your life, and that can only be a good thing. You always reap what you sow and if you put in the effort to find the best possible school and course for you then good things will happen! Just remember that you have to put the effort in when doing to work online as well!

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Law is one of the most popular degree topics today and with very good reason. In the modern world, there are many types of law practice that are aired regularly. Criminal law is in more demand than ever, changes to laws in the last fifty years or so have made property lawyers in serious demand, divorce lawyers also get a lot of work put their way, and then of course there is the suing culture that we all live in is to blame for many of the liability and personal injury law firms that exist. With so many opportunities and many jobs going at any given point in time, then it is no wonder why a good percentage of students want to advance in the world of law. However, not all of them get the opportunity.

That should actually read that they did not get the opportunity before online education was invented. Law is an extremely popular subject and is offered by a high percentage of the online schools, colleges and universities out there at the moment. Even online colleges have a limited number of places every semester and there are usually very few to spare. Very few people drop out either, because it is so prestigious and an individual will need a law degree to make it into a firm after graduation. You should therefore make sure that you training is as much fun as possible because you will be stuck with it for a few years!

It is essential that you investigate all options before tying yourself to one specific online law course. The sheer range of courses online will be mind blowing and you will soon see distinct difference between the content and the structure of one course to another. No two courses are the same so it would be foolish to decide on one before vetting the rest.

However, it is not just course content that you should look at. In law, as I am sure you will realise if you want to go into the field, reputation is everything. It counts for far more than past results, and this applies to the place you studied at too. It will rarely make a difference if you trained online, but it will if you do not go to an accredited school and one with a reputation for turning out excellent law candidates.

Once you have looked at the reputation of online law schools then you will be able to narrow your list down, but not nearly enough to make a decision on that alone. It may be wise to look at who the different courses are aimed at because some specialize in a certain law, age group or social group. Some may only offer courses designed to give those with a knowledge of law already a boost so that their careers can advance, whereas others will take an individual with no knowledge of law and educate him or her to the highest level. You should make a shortlist of the ones that offer the kind of education that you need and compare that to the reputation list. This will leave you with a few potential schools and make it easier to decide from there. This whole process could take months of research and planning but it will be worth it for your career in the end so you should take the time and make the effort.

If you have made the decision to take law at an online university then you have made a big step forward, and one towards changing the rest of your life, and that can only be a good thing. You always reap what you sow and if you put in the effort to find the best possible school and course for you then good things will happen! Just remember that you have to put the effort in when doing to work online as well!

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Career ways for LAW,Education, Career and Job Discussions am interested in law career information as my brother is intrested to do so ,please suggestion regarding this course best option , facts and colleges.also tell me how to get admission .Lawyers counsel clients about their legal rights and suggest course of action in a particular matter. They also advise clients and draw up legal documents, such as wills and contracts and conduct negotiations on legal matters, and may represent clients in court and tribunal proceedings.

Academic excellence is not the main thing behind the success in this profession. Professional competence acquired through experience and practice with efficient lawyers is the main yardstick of success.

There are various areas of specialisation in this field which one can choose from like corporation law, civil law, criminal law, international law, labour law, patent law, tax law and so on.

Success in this profession is not based on marks one obtain in the exam, but it is very much related to personal attributes. One must have good oral and written communication skills, logical reasoning, power of concentration, patience, good memory to relate and quote past cases to prove your point, ability to argue and discuss matters with a variety of people, self confidence, courage to deal with threats especially in criminal cases etc. He should have up-to-date information on any changes in law. A good library and a fair amount of reading is also important.

In addition to LL.B. degree, many universities and institutes also offer other diploma courses in several disciplines of law, including Administrative Law, International Law, Labour Laws, Tax Laws and Corporate Laws.

There are various branches of specialisation in law like civil law, criminal law, corporate law, property law, income tax law, marine law, public international law, family law, labour law, press law, excise law, constitutional law, administration law, sale of goods law, trade mark, copyright and patent law etc. one can choose from Most law colleges today admit students for the 5 year course on the basis of an entrance exam. Some colleges like GLC Mumbai and ILS Pune admit students directly based on their performance in the qualifying exams (10+2 or its equivalent).

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Introduction

The paper sheds some light on white collar jobs in Zambia education in Zambia during the colonial era and the subsequent challenges that the country faced upon attainment of political independence. It is divided into four sections. The first section is the introduction which provides brief information on Zambian education and the definition of white collar job. The next section discusses the main features of both pre-colonial and first republic in the education sector in Zambia. The third section, which is the main thrust of the paper, discusses the origin of white collar syndrome in the education sector during the 1960’s and attempts made by the first republic in addressing white collar syndrome. The conclusion is the last and final section of this paper.

Definition of white collar syndrome and overview of education in Zambia

The term ‘white collar’ was first used by Upton Sinclair in relation to modern clerical, administrative and management workers during the 1930s. Sinclair’s usage is related to the fact that, during most of the 19th and 20th centuries, male office workers in European and American countries almost always had to wear white, collared dress shirts. In another line of thought, Kabaso Sydney (2002:27) describes the term white-collar worker to refer to, “a salaried professional or an educated worker who performs semi-professional office, administrative, and sales coordination tasks, as opposed to a blue-collar worker, whose job requires manual labor.”White-collar work” is an informal term, defined in contrast to “blue-collar work”.

Features of colonial education in Zambia

During the federation, that is the period from 1953 to 1963, segregationist and inequitable patterns of provision for African and European children persisted. In addition, the focus was on primary education, with only limited secondary teacher education for Africans. Coombe (1967) has reported that through his extensive archival research in the Zambian archives, there were deliberate moves on the part of the colonial administration in  northern Rhodesia in the 1930s and thereafter, to limit the provision of secondary education for Africans. The educational system inherited by Zambia at independence was accordingly underdeveloped. This forced the first president of Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda to launch a scathing attack on the British as quoted by Tembo (1978): As far as education is concerned, Britain’s colonial record in Zambia is most criminal. Her colonizers have left the country as the most uneducated and unprepared colony of Britain’s dependencies on the African content (p. xii). It is, therefore, not surprising that: at independence, only 110,200 Africans had completed six years in primary schools, and only 32,000 had completed the full primary course of eight years. At the secondary level, although over 8,000 Africans were enrolled in schools, only 4,420 had passed the Junior Secondary (Form II) Examination and a mere 961 had passed the School Certificate Examination. Only 107 had graduated from university, of whom four were female (Kelly, 1991: 13).

White collar syndrome in the education sector during 1960’s and attempts made by the first republic.

In Zambia the term was a replica of the Europeans and Americans. In particular the term began to be used in Zambia during the colonial era, when most Europeans started to employ Zambians to work as clericals, typist, office orderlies, cleaners and teachers in schools. The onset of the colonial period in the 1800s marked the beginning of the end for traditional African education. According to Fafunwa (1962) European forces, missionaries, and colonialists all came ready and willing to change existing traditions to meet their own needs and ambitions. Bhola (2000) has also argued that ‘the modern sector of  education may have dismissed the traditional culture of  education out of hand, and without thought borrowed indiscriminately from the West, irrelevant ideologies, missions, and methods of adult education …’. What is implied in this statement is that the current adult education curriculum in Africa is still modelled on the colonial one and as such does not serve the immediate needs of the learner in particular and the nation in general. The replacement of the traditional forms of adult education, therefore, brought about challenges to the education system in newly independent Zambia. How did these changes contributed to the white collar syndrome in the education sector? To answer this question, some historical analysis is necessary. Alexander (1971) observed that it was well known that adult education in Africa had been sadly neglected in the past. In colonial times missionaries and education administrators did not normally see the importance of continuing education. UNESCO (1964) in its report on education in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) wrote: An education system is a result of decisions made and designs laid down by past and present governments (p.1). Kelly (1991) admits that the above statement remains as true today as when Radford and his colleagues first wrote it in their report on the future development of the education system of what was then Northern Rhodesia. Several of the concerns that beset the demand for white collar jobs were necessitated by three factors. According to the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Zambia’s literacy level was estimated at 55.3 %. The report further indicated that the problem of illiteracy continued to be more prevalent among females than males. The report further indicated that about 1 in every 2 females (49.8%) was illiterate as compared to almost 2 in every 5 males (39%) of the same population (MOE, 2008). The high rate of illiteracy has seen contributed to white collar job syndrome in the education sector. In that the Government had to encourage and support all those who finished their school certificates into education system, every one started to embrace adult education. According to Fafunwa (1962) “It was surprising to find a 35 year old doing grade  5, in that, Africans received education opportunities with two hands…”

The first factor was that Zambia needed many educated people to fill up positions that had or were being vacated by expatriates. Kelly (1991) explains that the colonial government had a pervasive concern about the production of an educated cadre that could not be absorbed into productive employment. Additionally, (Okafor, 1971), colonial administrators (not only in the then Northern Rhodesia but throughout Africa) generally preferred the uneducated Africans to the educated ones, who, they feared, tended to take educational planner today have their origin in events that occurred years and even decades before. In that regard, the challenges that the newly independent Zambia faced could be attributed to the education system that existed during the colonial era. The second factor was that the new government during its campaign for political independence, promised to provide more educational opportunities. A crisis of expectation was, therefore, imminent as people expected immediate delivery of more education. Thus this expectation motivated many adults to take part in adult education.

The other factor was that, apart from education being a human right, individuals themselves were keen to go to school and learn. These factors put a lot of pressure on the government to create more opportunities for learning. Indeed, the government saw this high illiteracy rate as an obstacle to economic development (Mulenga, 2000).

The third challenge was relevance of the adult education curriculum. Even after independence, the adult education curriculum available was based on the colonial model. This was the same curriculum which was said to be alienating students and stifling critical and creative thinking. In this curriculum, what was emphasised was the teaching of literacy where people learnt reading, writing and later simple arithmetic. As it has already been established, missionaries educated adults for liturgical purposes. Hence, the emphasis on literacy. Nafukho, et al, (2005) explain that the education system was changed to reflect the European social process. Colonial governments were interested in adult education in so far as they produced literate people who were used as collaborators and workers for their colonial enterprises.

According to Kabaso Sydney (2007:12) as reflected In “History of Education in Zambia” article as published by article base.com writes,” the Zambians were compared to put on smart clothes, they were put in charge of office work, in which they began to occupy professional, managerial, or administrative position. Such workers typically wear shirts with white collars. Those working in factories or doing manual labour typically had to wear blue collars, working suits and over rows and are therefore became to be called blue-collar workers

Conclusion

It has been established that history has a long lasting influence on what happens in the future. It has been shown colonial adult education positively impacted on post independent Zambia as white collar syndrome is concerned. The first republic worked out hard to fill in the workers in all vacancies that were left by the colonial government and a number of Zambians were employed on white collar jobs, thus the syndrome increased.

It seems that many people dream of one day becoming a high profile lawyer, setting lofty goals for themselves as they move forward through school. However, without knowledge of how to get into law school and what to expect while there, those dreams can never become a reality. Where does an aspiring law student start? To whom should you turn for more information?

The best place to start your path to law school is by speaking with a prelaw advisor. Your advisor can be found at your undergraduate institution and would be happy to help you determine whether or not you are a candidate, where you should apply, and what course you should follow to achieve your goal.

Law school is not for everyone. Critical thinking and writing abilities are required, as well as a feeling for the humanities (social sciences, natural sciences, art, and other things affecting human experience). An education in logical reasoning, written and oral expression, and critical analysis provide a good basis for acceptance to law school, regardless of your major. Excellent performance and rigorous course schedules are very important in providing an acceptable educational history to a law school.

Law school will equip you to analyze legal issues and stay abreast of the continuously changing laws and policies. A lawyer must be able to think on his or her feet and adjust to the evolving legal environment in which they must function. Lawyers must be able to provide useful and intelligent counsel to individuals regarding the law and its functionality. Clear speaking and writing abilities are also a must. Law school will prepare you for all of the aspects of being a lawyer, as well as teaching the arts of persuasion and negotiation, which also become a large part of a law career.

There is no specific curriculum that a law school follows; they do vary from school to school. However, most states require a lawyer to have graduated from an American Bar Association approved law school in order to earn admission into the bar. These schools provide the basic information and training necessary to take and pass the bar exam. Typically, states require a law student to attend the law school institution for at least three years full time or four years part time. Most law schools, though providing training for different sorts of legal professions, gear their curriculum toward training a lawyer, though some have special programs that gear the learning experience toward a combination of law and other topics, such as business, science, technology, or public administration.

Many law schools will start out their first year students with subjects such as civil procedure, contracts, criminal law and procedure, constitutional law, property law, legal writing, and tort. Eventually, in their goal of training a lawyer, the schools will place students in internships, which are used toward academic credits. Others emphasize using the governmental and legal resources of the community for training purposes.

There are many questions involved in preparing for law school, and this article only touches on some of the basics. Again, the best place to start you off on a successful career path in law is with a prelaw advisor, who can assist you in clearing up any matters not addressed here.